Middle English phonetic sistem

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The Middle English period was a time of unprecedentedly rapid development of the language. For the first three centuries English was only a spoken language, and as such had no norm and could develop without any restrain. All the elements of the language changed fundamentally.

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INTRODUCTION 3
CHAPTER 1. PHONETIC PROCESSES IN MIDDLE ENGLISH 5
1.1. The system of vowels 5
1.2. The system of consonants 10
CHAPTER 2. PHONETIC ANALYSIS OF HAMLET, ACT III, SCENE II.
THE PERFORMANCE
12
CONCLUSION 31
BIBLIOGRAPHY 33

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        Two monophtongs in Middle English changed their quality. They are [æ]   and [y]. [æ] became [a] and [y] became [i]. As in the word asleep, Old English on-slæp [æ], Middle English asleep [e:] and New English asleep [i:]. But the rest of the monophtongs are remaining unchanged, for example: Old English cwen [e:], Middle English queene [e:], New English queene [i:].

         In Middle English there appeared four new diphthongs: [ai], [ei],[au],[ou]. As in the example from the text in the word down the sound [u] replaced by [ou] in Middle English.

        All vowels which occurred before the combinations of consonants such as –mb, -nd, -ld became long. Old English word findan [i], Middle English fynden [i:], New English find [ai]. Old English healdan[ea] in Middle English became hoolden [a:], but in New English hold [o:].

          Vocalization of [r] in such endings as writer, actor, where [er] and [or] became [ə]. Old English hire [i], Middle English [e]+ vocalized [r], New English [ə:].

          All long vowels were shortened in Middle English if they are found before two consonants. For example: Old English thirtie [i:] > Middle English thritty [i].

          The most important change in the consonant system that can be observed if we compare the Old English and the Middle English consonant system will be the development of the fricative consonant [∫] and affricate [t∫] ,[dЗ], [k`] > [t∫], [sk`]  > [∫], [g`] > [dЗ]. Thus: Old English sceaw(ian) [sk`], > Middle English shewe [∫], > New English [∫]. Old English licзen [g], > Middle English iggen / lyen [dз]. Old English  Ic [k`], > Middle English I [t∫]. 

             Special notice should be taken of the development of such consonant phonemes that had voiced and voiceless variants in Old English, such as:

          [f]- [v], [s]- [z], [O]- [ð]. For example: Old English læfan > Middle English leven, f replaced by v.  

                                     

Word as used in the text Old English Middle English New English
trumpet -- trompet

[u]       >

o—a ME spelling device

 trumpet

[ ʌ]

Sound -- soun

[u:]       >

 sound

[au]

dumbe dumb

[u] 

u  replaced by

 domb

[u]        >

[b] lost in NE

o—a ME spelling device

 dumb

[ʌ ]

Show rel. to v. sceaw(ian)

[sk`]    >

sc  replaced by

shewe

[∫]

sh

 show

  >     [∫]

Enter -- inf. entre(n)

unstressed [e]+vocalized [r] >

 enter 

[ə]

king cyninз

[y]             > 

c  replaced by

kyng

[i] (East Midland dialect)

k

 king
queene cwen

[e:]               >

cw replaced by

 queene

    [e:] 

 queene

    > [i:]

qu

embracing -- inf. embrace

                [a]     >

 embrace

[ei]

He he

[e:]                   >

 he

[e:]                    >

 he

[i:]  >   [i]

Her hire

[i]

 her/e

[e]+ vocalized [r] >

 her

[ə:]

take(s) inf. takan

[a]

c  replaced by

 taken

[a] open syllable   >

k

 take

[ei]

decline(s) -- inf. declynen

[i:]                        >

 decline

[ai]

His his

[s]

 his

[s]                        >

 his

[z]

Head head

[ea:]                     > 
 

 head

[e:]                        >

 head

[e] before a dental consonant

lye(s) inf. licзen

[g]                         >

 liggen / lyen

[dз]

                       [i:]  >

 lie 

[ai]

Down of-dune

[u:]                       >

u  replaced by 

a-doune

[u:]                       >

ou / ow

 down

[au]

banche -- banke                   >

[a]

 bank

[æ]

flower(s) -- flour

[u:]+ vocalized[r] >

ou   replaced by

 flower

[auə]

Ow

see(ing) inf. seon

[e:]                       >

 seen

[e:]                       >

 see

[i:]

Asleep on-slæp

[æ]                       >

  æ   replaced by

 asleep

[e:]                        >

ee

 asleep

[i:]

Leaues inf. læfan

[æ:]                     >

  æ

f   replaced by  

 leven

[e:]                       >

replaced by

v

 leave

[i:]

æ

Anon adv. on an anon

[e] replaced by    >

 at once

[æ]

Come cumen

[u] replaced by     >

 comen

[o]

 come

[ʌ]

Man man

[a] replaced by     >

 man

[a:]

 man

æ

Eares eare

[ea:]                    

ear

[i]

 ear

[iə:]

find(s) findan

[i]                          >

 fynden

[i:] replaced by     >

 find

[ai]

Maken macian

[a]

c replaced by        >

 maken

[a:]

k

 make

[ei]

Death deað

[ea:]

[ð] replaced by

deeth           >

[e:]

th

 death

[e] before [O]

passion -- passioum

[ou] replaced by

[a:]                     >

 passion

[o]

[æ]

Some   sum 

[u]

[u] replaced by

 som 

[u]

[o]

 some

[ʌ]

Foure feower

[ow] replaced by

 -- four

[ou]

again(e) onʒean

[ea] replaced by

 agayn

[ay]

 again

[ei]

What hwæt

[æ]

[hw]

hw  replaced

æ replaced by

 what

[a] after [w]          >

[hw]                     >

wh

a

 what

[o]

[w]

meanes mænan

[æ]                     >

 æ replaced

menen

[e:]                     >

ea

 mean

[i:]

This pis

[O]                       >

[s]                         >

p replaced by

this

[O]                      >

[s]                        >

th

 this

[ð]

[z]

My min

[i:]                       >

 myn(e)

[i:]                         >

 my

[ai]

Lord hlaford

[a:]                        >

 l(h)overd or  lord

[o:] + vocalized [r]

lord

[o:]

That  pæt

[æ]                      >

æ replaced by

p replaced by

that

[a]                         >

a

th

 that

[æ]

mischiefe -- mischiefe

[e:]                        >

 mischief

[i:]

Belike rel. to Зe-lic

[i:]                       >

З replaced by

c replaced  by

 y-lich(lik)

[i:]                      >

y

k

 be(like)

[ai]

import(s) -- rel. to port

[o] vocalized [r] >

 port

[o:]

Play pleЗa

[e+j]                   >

З  replaced by

pley(play)

[ei]                     >

y

 play

[ei]

We we

[e:]                    >

 we

[e:]                       >

 we

[i:] >[i]

Shall sceal

[ea]                       >

[sk`]                     >

sc replaced by

 shal

[a]                         >

[∫]                          >

sh

 shall

[æ]

[∫]

Know cnawan

[a:]                        >

[kn]                      >

c replaced by

 knowen

[o:]                    >

[kn                     >

k

 know

[ou]

[n]

can(not) can

[a]                       >

 can

[a]                      >

 can

[æ]

Keepe cepan

[e:]                       >

c replaced by

e replaced by

 keepen

[e:]                      >

k

ee

 keep

[i:]

 
All eal

[ea]                      >

 al(alle)

[a] before ll          >

 all

[o:]

Any æniЗ

[æ:]                      >

[æ:] replaced by

eni

[e:] > [a]               >

a

 any

[æ]

Be beo

[eo:]                  >

be

[e:]                       >

 e

[i:]

(a)sham(‘d) rel. to scamean

[a]                        >

[sk`]                      >

sc replaced by

 shamen

[a:] open syll.

[∫]                          >

sh

 shame

> [ei]

[∫] 

Mark mearc(ian)

[ea]                       >

c replaced by

 mark(en)

[a] vocalized [r]   >

k

 mark

[a:]

Our ure

[u:]                       >

u replaced by

 our

[u:] >[au]+ vocalized [r] >

 our 

[auə]

Here her

[e:]                      >

 heer

[e:] >[i:] +vocalized [r]

 here 

>[iə]

hearing hyrinз

[y] 

y replaced by

з replaced by

hering(e)

[e:](Kent) >[i:] +vocalized [r] >

e

g

 hearing 

>[iə]

patiently -- rel. to patient

[a:]                        >

[tjent]                    >

 patient(ly)

[ei]

[∫nt]

Breefe -- breef

[e:]                        >

 brief

[i:]

Thirtie pritiз

[i:]                        >

P replaced by

З replaced by

 thritty

[i] +vocalized [r] >

th

y

 thirty

[:ə]

time(s) tima

[i:]                         >

 tyme

[i:]                         >

 time

[ai]

Gone Зan

[a:]                        >

З replaced by

 gon(e)

[o:]                       >

g

 gone

[o:]

Round -- round

[u:]                        >

 round

[au]

salt sealt

[ea]                         >

 salt

[a] before lt           >

 salt

[o]

Wash wæsc

æ                           >

[sk`]                      >

æ

sc

 wash

[a] after w            >

[∫]                         >

a

sh

 wash

[o]

[∫]

ground Зrund

[u]                         >

З replaced by

u replaced by

 ground

[u:] before nd    >

g

ou

 ground

[au]

moon(es) mona

[o:]                       >

 mone

[o:]                        >

 moon

[u:]

sheene scyne

[y:]                        >

[sk`]                      >

 shene

[e:] Kent.             >

[∫]                          >

 sheen

[i:]

[∫]

About abutan

[u:]                        >

 about(en)

[u:]                        >

 about

[au]

World woruld

[o]                        >

 world(e)

[o] +vocalized [r] >

 world

[:ə] after w

Harts heorte

[eo]                    >

 herte

[e]                   

[er]+ vocalized[r] >

 heart 

[a:]

hand(s) hand

[a]                        >

 hand

[a]                        >

 hand

[æ]

Sacred -- rel.to sacren(inf)

[a:]                       >

 Sscred

[ei]

band(s) -- band

[a]

 band

[æ]

Many manyз

[a]                       >

З replaced by

 many

[a]                         >

y

 many

[æ]

May mæЗ

[æ+j]                    >

æ replaced by

З replaced by

 may

[ai]                        >

a

y

 may

[ei]

Sunne sunne

[u]                         >

u replaced by

 sonne

[u]                        >

o (a ME spelling device)

 sun

[ ʌ]

Count -- counten

[u:]                        >

 count

[au]

Ore ær

[æ:]                       >

 æ replaced by

 er

[e:] +vocalized [r]>

e

 ere

[eə]

Done don

[o:]                       >

 done

[o:] >[u:] >[u]      >

 done

[ ʌ]

Sicke seoc

[eo:]                      >

c replaced by

 seek

[e:]                       >

k

 sick

[i:] >[i] before k

Farre feor

[eo]                     >

 fer

[e]

[er] >[ar] >[a]+vocalized [r]

 far 
 

>[ a]

Cheere -- cheer

[e:] >[i:]+vocalized [r]

 cheer

>[ie]

former forma

[o]                    >

 former

[o]+ vocalized [r] >

unstressed [e] + vocalized [r] >

 former

[o:] 

[ ə]

distrust -- dis-trust

[u]                         >

 distrust

[ ʌ]

Must most

  [o:]                      >

 moste

[o:] > [u:] > [u] >

 most

[ ʌ]

Hold healdan

[ea]                       >

 hoolden

[a] >[a:] before ld >

 hold

[o:] >[ou]

Aught awiht

[a:+h]                    >

a replaced by

h replaced by

 aughte

[au+h]                   >

Au

gh

 aught

[o:]

Now nu

[u:]                       >

u replaced by

 now

[u:]                       >

ow

 now

au

doubts -- doute

[u]                       >

 doubt

[au]

b in NE under the influence of  Lat. dubitare

Grow Зrowan

[o:]                        >

З replaced by

 growen

[o:]                        >

g

 grow

[ou]

I Ic

[k`]

 I

[t∫]                        >

 I

[ai]

Thee pe

[e:]                        >

[O]                        >

[p] replaced by

 thee

[e:]                       >       

[O]                       >

th

 thee

[i:]

[ð]

shortly scort-lice

[sk`]                     >

[o]                        >

sc replaced by

 short-lich

[∫]                          >

[o]+vocalized [r]  >

sh

 shortly

[∫]

[o:]

to to

[o:]                        >

 to

[o:]                       >

 too

[u:]

power(s) -- power

[u:] >[au]+vocalized [r]

 power 

>[auə]

Do don

[o:]                        >

 doon

[o:]                       >

 do

[u:]

thou pu

[u:]                        >

[O]                        >

p replaced by

 thou

[u:]                        >

[O]                       >

th

 thou

[au]                     

[ð]

behind be-hindan

[i]                        >

 behynden

[i:] before nd        >

 behind

[ai]

honour(‘d) -- honouren

unstressed [u] +vocalized [r]

 honour 

[ə]

h lost in NE

One an

[a:]

 oon

[o:] >[u:] >[wu] >

 one

[wu]>[wʌ]

Kind cynde

[i]                         >

 kynde

[i:] before nd        >

 kind

[ai]

husband hus-bond

[u:]                        >

unsressed [o]       >

 husbonde

[u]

[ə]                  

husband

[ʌ]

 
 
   
  • So, we are done with the phonetic analysis of the preamble and the  extract taken from the tragedy “Hamlet” Act III, Scene II. In this work we, first, managed to study different sources and to find out consonant and vowel changes in Middle English.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

CONCLUSION 

   
  • Now by the way of conclusion we should like to say that we understand the Middle English period was a time of unprecedentedly rapid development of the language.
  • The phonetics of Middle English was very different. The large changes in pronunciation of vowels involved in the Great English Vowel Shift were accompanied by shifts in the realization of consonants, particularly in pronouncing many letters that are 'silent' in Modern English, e.g.: kn-, -gh- and wr-.
  • Vowels under stress underwent mainly quantitative changes. In Middle English we observe a rhythmic tendency, the aim of which is to obliterate overlong and overshort sequences. The tendency is to have in the word one long vowel + one consonant or one short vowel + two consonants.

    The sounds [æ] and [y] disappeared from the system of the language.

    New diphthongs appeared with the glide more close than the nucleus (because of the origin) as contrasted to Old English with the glide more open than the nucleus.

    No parallelism exists between long and short monophthongs different only in their quantity. The quantity of the vowel depends upon its position in the word.(a, e, o- are always long in an open syllable or before –ld, -mb, -nd. All vowels are always short before two consonants, with the exception of –ld, -mb, -nd.

    New affricates and the fricative [∫] appeared in the system of the language.

    The resonance (the voiced or the voiceless nature)of the consonants ([f], [v], [s], [z] and [O], [o] became phonemic.

  • Spelling had not been standardized. It was largely phonetic (writers tried to represent the sounds of words as closely as possible), and as the phonetics of Middle English were very different from those of Modern English, it can be hard to recognize even familiar words. It may help readers to point out that every letter written was normally pronounced.

     Analyzing the examples from the play, we made a conclusion, which consonants and vowels are the most active nowadays (which are used most frequently). We gave the examples with Middle English consonants and sounds in the form of the table, so it is easier to see the difference.

     This course paper is very useful for those who are interested in Middle English period, it can be a great help especially in their future study and work.

 

     BIBLIOGRAPHY 

1. Аракин В.Д. История английского языка. - М., 2000.
2. М.Г.Арсеньев, С.П.Баташов и др. Введение  в германскую филологию: Учебник  для 1-2 курсов филол. факультетов ун-тов . -М., 1999.
3. Н.  Иванова, Л. Чахоян, Т. Беляева.  История английского языка: Учебник,  хрестоматия, словарь. - СПб., 1999.
4. Смирницкий  А.И. Древнеанглийский язык.-М., 1955.
5. Иванова  И.П. Хрестоматия по истории английского языка. -Л., 1973
6. Расторгуева  ТА. История английского языка: Курс лекций. - М., 1969.
7. Резник  Р.В., ТА.Сорокина, ИВ.Резник. История  английского языка: Учебное пособие. - М., 2001
8. Ильиш   Б.А. История английского языка. - М., 1968
9. Иванова И.П. Хрестоматия по  истории английского языка: Пособие  для студентов педагогических  институтов. —Л., 1973.
10. Расторгуева  Т. А. Курс лекций по истории  английского языка. Вып 1 и 2. -М., 1969
11. История Средних веков: Учебник  для вузов (любое издание).
12. Лингвистический  энциклопедический словарь / Под  ред. В.Н.Ярцевой. -М, 1990.
13. Смирницкий  А.И. Лекции по истории английского  языка. — М., 1998.
14. Иванов В. И. Язык, текст, речь // Электронный ресурс Интернет:

www.textum.ru/article/ivanov_lang/=9876.html

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

МИНИСТЕРСТВО  ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ И  НАУКИ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ

     Федеральное государственное  образовательное  учреждение

     высшего профессионального  образования

     «Чувашский  государственный  университет имени  И.Н.Ульянова» 
 

     Факультет иностранных языков

     Кафедра романо-германских языков 
 
 
 
 
 

     КУРСОВАЯ  РАБОТА

     на  тему: 

     MIDDLE ENGLISH PHONETIC SYSTEM 
 
 

                  Выполнила

                  студентка группы 3А-037

                  Айнетдинова К.М

                  Научный руководитель

                  к.ф.н., доцент Емельянова М.В 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   

    г. Чебоксары – 2011 г.

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