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     Доклад  на тему:

     «Ireland» 
 
 

     Выполнил:

     Студент 31 группы

     Валиева М.А. 

     Проверил:

     Тихонова  М.А. 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Набережные  Челны

2010 год

 

Содержание.

 

     Geographical location, population, nation, currency, religion…………….3

     Bades, mountains, rivers …………………………………………………..3

     Climate …………………………………………………………………….3

     Nature, animals, vegetation ……………………………………………….4

     Activities …………………………………………………………………..5

     Culture …………………………………………………………………….5

     People and their life ……………………………………………………….5

     Holidays, traditions, celebrations ………………………………………….6

     Attractions …………………………………………………………………6

     Facts for travelers…………………………………………………………..9

     Map of Ireland……………………………………………………………..10 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Geographical location, population, nations, currency and religion.

 
 

     Ireland is situated on the West of the Europe, occupying Ireland island part. The area — 70,2 thousand in km ². The capital of the country is Dublin where lives about 1,4 million people. From the east it is washed by Irish sea, Celtic sea and also St. George's passages and Northern, from the West, the north and the south — Atlantic ocean. The population of Ireland — basically the Celtic origin. According to general census 2006  it makes 4,24 million person. National minorities make 420 thousand, that is 10 percent. 275,8 thousand — immigrants from the European Union countries (Poland, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania), other of Russia, China, Ukraine, Pakistan, Philippines, Nigeria. 58 % of the population live in cities. The state languages is Irish and English. The state system is Republic. The currency of Ireland is EUR.  Religion: Catholics - 93 %, Protestants - 5 %.

Bades, mountains, rivers.

 

     Ireland border on Irish sea, Celtic sea and Atlantic ocean. In the northeast borders on the United Kingdom (Northern Ireland).

     The highest point - mountain Carrauntoohill 1.041 metres above sea level. The most arable land lies in the province of Leinster. Western areas can be mountainous and rocky.

     Rivers: Shannon, Liffey, Suir, Barrow, Boyne, Blackwater. The River Shannon, the island's longest river at 386 km long.

Climate.

 

     The climate of Ireland is humid. Winters soft enough, and summer — cool.

Inland areas are warmer in summer and colder in winter. The warmest month of year — July with average temperature of air of 18-20 degrees. The coldest month — the January which temperatures fall to 7—9 degrees.

Nature, animals, vegetation.

 

     Because Ireland was isolated from mainland Europe by rising sea levels after the ice age, it has less diverse animal and plant species than either Great Britain or mainland Europe. Only 26 land mammal species are native to Ireland. Some species, such as the red fox, hedgehog and badger, are very common, whereas others, like the Irish hare, red deer and pine marten are less so. Aquatic wildlife, such as species of turtle, shark, whale, and dolphin, are common off the coast. About 400 species of birds have been recorded in Ireland. Many of these are migratory, including the Barn Swallow. Most of Ireland's bird species come from Iceland, Greenland and Africa.

     Several different habitat types are found in Ireland, including farmland, open woodland, temperate broadleaf and mixed forests, conifer plantations, peat bogs and a variety of coastal habitats. However, agriculture drives current land use patterns in Ireland, limiting natural habitat preserves, particularly for larger wild mammals with greater territorial needs. With no top predator in Ireland, populations of animals, such as semi-wild deer, that cannot be controlled by smaller predators, such as the fox, are controlled by annual culling.

     There are no snakes in Ireland and only one reptile (the common lizard) is native to the island. Extinct species include the great Irish elk, the Irish wolf and the great auk. Some previously extinct birds, such as the Golden Eagle, have recently been reintroduced after decades of extirpation.

     Until medieval times, Ireland was heavily forested with oak, pine and birch. Forests today cover only about 9% (4,450 km² or one million acres) of Ireland, which makes it the most deforested area in Europe. Much of the land is now covered with pasture, and there are many species of wild-flower. Gorse (Ulex europaeus), a wild furze, is commonly found growing in the uplands and ferns are plentiful in the more moist regions, especially in the western parts. It is home to hundreds of plant species, some of them unique to the island, and has been "invaded" by some grasses, such as Spartina anglica.

Activities.

 

The industry of agricultural mechanical engineering, the aviation industry, light industry (textiles and a fashion) actively develops in Ireland. Ireland also lets out building materials and electronics.

Culture (history).

 

     Ireland was occupied for the first time in 7500 BC with fishermen-hunters, possibly, from Scotland.  After Neolytic people, who used silicon tools, came and then people from the Mediterranean, known in legends as Fir Bolg who used bronze tools came. Later Pikty came, also people of a bronze age. Extensive traces of culture of this early period remain live in the form of stone monuments (menhirs, dolmens, and cromlechs) and stone forts. They are dated from 2000 to 1000 BC. During the Iron Age, the Celtic intrusion (approximately 350 BC) brought a new cultural stream in Ireland. The oldest examples of the Celtic language (Gaeilge) are found out on orgamic inscriptions on a stone in a county of Kerri, dated V century. Ireland was turned into Christianity by Sacred Patrick in V century. Churches and the monasteries based by him and his successors became the channel on which Christian art got into a rough and aggressive life of Celts.

     Ireland is known for the contribution to the world literature.

People and their life.

 

     The Irish are so friendly and hospitable. They value a sense of humor. It is believed that the Irish have a non-permanent nature: Among all the people they are most happy and most sad, the most troublesome and most obedient, most talented and most unproductive, the most practical and most visionary, the most devout and the most that neither is on the Gentiles. Many compare the nature of the Irish with the nature of the Russian people. Irish people are highly punctual and do not necessarily.

Holidays, traditions, celebrations.

 

     New Year on January, 1st

     Day of St. Patrick on March, 17th

     Sacred Friday (Good Friday) last Friday before Easter

     Easter Monday the first Monday after Easter

     May Holiday the first Monday of May

     June Holiday (June Bank Holiday) the first Monday of June

     August Holiday (August Bank Holiday) the first Monday of August

     October Holiday (October Bank Holiday) last Monday October

     Christmas on December, 25th

     St. Stephen's Day on December, 26^th

     March 17 - Day of Remembrance for the patron saint of Ireland, St. Patrick's Day. St. Patrick, according to legend, brought Christianity to the pagan island and drove all the snakes. In honor of St. Patrick's Day parade is arranged with songs and dances, Irish beer flowing river. March 17 - a feast not only of the Irish saint, but the Irish soul.

     Traditionally, St. Patrick's Day parades are held. He goes out people dressed in extravagant costumes, and also brass bands, which can not do without the famous bagpipes.

Attractions.

 

     Dublin

     Dublin - one of the oldest cities of Europe . The city is located in a wide valley of Liffi river round a picturesque Dublin gulf and abounds with luxurious quarters with rich architecture of XVIII century, fine private residences, equal numbers of houses georgyan epoch, wide streets and the spacious areas. The main street of capital - repeatedly destroyed and restored O'Connel Street  - represents now motley enough mix of styles and epoch. The oldest area of Dublin considers a labyrinth of streets around the Templ-bar which is now centre of restaurants, pubs and boutiques. In a city set of public parks from which "the Phoenix" close to residence of the Irish president and the ambassador of the USA is most known. The city centre considers Sacred Patrick's cathedral (1190 - 1225) Based on a site where this legendary sacred christened local residents. One of tourist city centres - a 61-metre obelisk in honour of the duke Wellington and the Fifteen acres area  (the former place of duels of noble family ). Other known places of a concentration of buildings gorrgyan architecture - Merriot-Skver, Elli-Place and Fittsuiljam-Skver. 

     Barrow of Naut

     The barrow of Naut was will erect for 3000 years B.C. Excavation  found out two settlements of bronze and iron centuries. The barrow is executed in a uniform complex, having two separate main corridors, leaders in two special premises of burial places. Burial places are decorated by boulders on which ancient intricate patterns are cut. Excavation made still in 18 small "satellite"  burial places, surrounding Naut  . In the end of a way the huge premise of the central pyramid in which there is "a lmoon card" - put on walls spiral frescos opens, which scientists almost unanimously treat as moon symbols. In the nearest consideration of a stain on a stone really develop in well familiar drawing of shades on a surface of the companion of the Earth. So this card - also the most ancient on the Earth . 

     Cork

     Cork is attractive city: strict and business within the working day, it is widely known as one of the centres of  active night life. Besides, Cork offers the various cultural program: Protestant cathedral St. Finbar, the Museum of Cork, the Opera, galleries Crawford-Art and Firkin-Krain-Center. The big quantity of tourists is flown down to  Blerni lock to see the well-known Kamen Blerni ostensibly bringing good luck and giving gift of eloquence. It, on a legend,  witch , who rescued by him , presented to the castle owner. The stone is built in highly in a tower wall and for "to take force", it is necessary to kiss him.  

     Waterford

     The city of Waterford is located in a southeast part of Ireland. It is the first city based on territory of the country by Vikings (914), therefore it is no wonder that it possesses bright medieval charm - ancient city walls, narrow paths and norman tower of Redginald-Tower. Georgyan times also  left the fine inheritance in the form of buildings of XVIII century in area  of Mell: City-hall (municipality, 1788), the Palace of the bishop and others. Among set of churches the cathedral of the Sacred Trinity is especially interesting. 
 

     The western coast

     All western coast of Ireland represents a train of inexpressible beauty of bays, gulfs, islands and beaches. In a county Clare the most unique place located - area of Barren  . These are many tens miles of the polished limestone and the karstic cavities lasting extensively, and rare settlements on coast. Cracks, springs and precipices - here the main features of territory which is literally pitted by caves. Flora of the region represents a freakish combination of the Mediterranean, the Arctic and Alpine kinds, it is last "stronghold" of a rare pine marten and other disappearing animals. Since the Stone Age here at least 65 megalytic tombs. The stone forts of the Iron Age known as "ring forts", are more tremendous beautiful vicinities and ruins of ancient locks add today easy medieval secret to a surrounding landscape, and not paved green roads cross area in all directions, reaching the most remote places.

Facts for travelers.

 

     The most favorable time to visit the country - July and August. A visit to Ireland in June or September and has many advantages - the weather is still warm enough, a smaller influx of tourists and all the attractions open to visitors. In winter months the weather is warm, but wet, snow falls rarely.

     Citizens of Russia and the CIS to visit Ireland requires a visa. Ireland is not a country - party to the Schengen agreement, so the Irish visa can not be used for travel in the Schengen states, as well as a Schengen visa can not be used for entry into Ireland. That’s why to visit this amazing country requires a tourist visa.

     Import and export national and a foreign currency is not limited. Import of the weapon, drugs, poisons, psychotropic substances, videocassettes with films of horrors and a pornography, and also books and magazines of the similar maintenance is forbidden. At import of the medicines registered by the doctor, it is necessary to present the corresponding certificate (recipe).

     It is possible to import a considerable quantity of the goods which are not subject to the taxation, under a condition if it will be possible to convince customs bodies that is the goods for a private use. At entrance from EU zone, import to 50 litres of beer, 25 litres of wine, 800 pieces of cigarettes, but with proofs before the paid duty is supposed. Are not imposed tax: to 200 pieces of cigarettes or tobacco - to 250 гр., to 1 l. Spirits a fortress more than 22 % and to 2 l. - a fortress 22 %, to 50 гр there are less. Spirits and personal things.

     The tax to car import is not paid in the event that the driving owned it not less than 6 months before arrival. In this case gathering for vehicle registration (not later than the end of the working day following day of arrival in Ireland) is paid only.