Предприятие как экономический субъект

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                PФЕДЕРАЛЬНОЕ АГЕНТСТВО ПО ОБРАЗОВАНИЮ

САНКТ-ПЕТЕРБУРГСКИЙ  ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ 

ПОЛИТЕХНИЧЕСКИЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ

МЕХАНИКО-МАШИНОСТРОИТЕЛЬНЫЙ ФАКУЛЬТЕТ  
 

Дисциплина

 «Экономика  машиностроительного производства»

КОНТРОЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА № 2

ПРЕДПРИЯТИЕ КАК ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИЙ СУБЪЕКТ

Выполнили: _________студент  4045/13 группы

Мельникова  М.Н.

_________студент  40410/1 группы 

Лазарькова  Ю.А. 

Проверила: ____________________Лебедева Т.С. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Санкт-Петербург

2010

    Задание № 1. Вариант 13, номера вопросов 2, 5.

    Вопрос 2. Муниципальное предприятие. 

    ОТВЕТ.

    Муниципальное предприятие - предприятие, организуемое за счет местного бюджета, инвестиций иных муниципальных предприятий, собственных  средств и других законных источников финансирования и находящееся в  ведении административно-территориальных органов управления или местного самоуправления.

    Унитарным муниципальным предприятием признается коммерческая организация, не наделенная правом собственности на закрепленное за ней собственником имущество. Имущество унитарного предприятия является неделимым и не может быть распределено по вкладам (долям, паям), в том числе между работниками предприятия. Имущество муниципальное принадлежит унитарному предприятию на праве хозяйственного ведения. 

    Вопрос 5.  Закрытое акционерное общество. 

    ОТВЕТ.

    Акционерное общество (АО) закрытого типа (закрытым акционерным обществом) признается предприятие, акции которого распределяются только среди его учредителей или иного заранее определенного круга лиц. Такое общество не вправе проводить выпуск акций для их открытой продажи, либо иным образом предлагать их для публичного приобретения.

    Акционеры закрытого АО имеют преимущественное право приобретения акций продаваемых  другими акционерами этого общества. Финансирование закрытого АО осуществляется аналогично открытому АО, то есть за счет акционерного капитала и дохода предприятия. Минимальная величина уставного капитала АО закрытого типа при его учреждении составляет 100 МРОТ. Ответственность АО закрытого типа  осуществляется в пределах уставного капитала.

    В таблице 1 приведены основные характеристики предприятия в обобщенном виде.

    Таблица 1.

   Основные  характеристики предприятия в обобщенном виде 

    Задание № 2. Вариант 13, номера вопросов 2, 3.

Вопрос 2. Концерн 

    ОТВЕТ.

    Концерн— финансово-промышленная группа компаний, преимущественно на территории немецкоговорящих стран Европы и в странах Прибалтики. Типичным является сохранение юридической и хозяйственной самостоятельности участников, но с учётом координации со стороны доминирующих финансовых структур. Обычно участники концернов объединяют не только экономический потенциал, но и усилия в рыночной стратегии. Основным преимуществом концерна является концентрация финансовых и других ресурсов.

    Различают вертикальные концерны, горизонтальные концерны, и смешанные концерны (также называемые конгломераты). Под вертикальными понимаются объединения фирм, охватывающие весь цикл от закупки материалов через производство до сбыта одного определённого вида продукции. Горизонтальные концерны обычно объединяют похожие фирмы с различной клиентурой. Большую роль в становлении современных концернов сыграла динамика финансовых рынков 60-х, с типично перемежающимися спадами и подъёмами. Это позволило конгломератам скупать компании по заниженным ценам на заёмы в банках, показывать хороший возврат с инвестиций, получать ещё большие кредиты и использовать финансовые рычаги, таким образам создавая цепную реакцию. 
 
 
 
 
 

Вопрос 3. Консорциум 

    ОТВЕТ.

    Консорциум представляет собой временное добровольное объединение предприятий созданное для решения конкретных задач в различных областях деятельности – реализации крупных целевых программ и проектов, в том числе научно-технических, строительных, экологических и др.

    Особенностью  консорциума является именно временный характер его создания. После достижения поставленной цели консорциум прекращает свою деятельность или преобразуется в иную организационно-правовую форму предприятий. Продолжительность функционирования консорциума обусловлена сложностью решаемых задач и может составлять от нескольких месяцев до нескольких лет.

    Участниками консорциума могут быть коммерческие предприятия – унитарные предприятия, хозяйственные товарищества и общества и некоммерческие предприятия –  ассоциации, учреждения. Сохраняя свою самостоятельность каждый из членов консорциума вместе с тем выполняет поставленную перед ним задачу в рамках общей скоординированной цели. В условиях высокой конкуренции в состав консорциума иногда входят конкурирующие предприятия, которые в рамках временного союза объединяют свои усилия с целью получения дохода от совместной предпринимательской деятельности.

    Консорциумы создаются, как правило, для осуществления  крупных промышленных строительных или финансовых проектов.

           ЛИТЕРАТУРА

1. Бабкин  А.В. «Экономика предприятия». Часть 1. – СПб.:, 2004.

3. Закон  РФ № 101 – 1996 «Об акционерных  обществах».

4. Закон  РФ № 193 – 1998 «Об обществах  с ограниченной  ответственностью».

5. Закон  РФ № 161 – 2002 «О госуд. и  муницинальн. унитарных предприятиях»