Лекции по "Английскому языку"

gn="justify">     Как глагол герундий может:

1. иметь прямое дополнение

     They discussed opening a new business.  

2. определяться наречием

     It started raining hard.  

7.2 Формы герундия 

      Таблица 10 – Формы герундия

 

     В русском языке нет форм, соответствующих  формам герундия, ввиду чего изолированно они не могут быть переведены на русский язык. 

Simple Active gerund

     He is fond of playing computer games.  

Perfect Active gerund

     I appreciate having had the opportunity to meet you. 

Simple Passive gerund:

     I appreciated being invited to your home.  

Perfect Passive gerund

     I appreciate having been told the news.  

     Герундий  в форме Simple Active по своему значению приближается к русскому отглагольному существительному:

     reading чтение

     waiting ожидание.  

     Когда действие, выраженное герундием, совершается лицом или предметом, к которому оно относится, употребляется герундий в форме Active.

     He likes inviting his friends to his house.

     He entered the room without noticing her. 

     Когда же действие, выраженное герундием, совершается  над лицом или предметом, к  которому оно относится, то употребляется  герундий в форме Passive:

     He likes being invited by his friends.  

     He entered the room without being noticed.  

     Герундий  в форме Perfect употребляется, когда действие, которое оно выражает, предшествует действию, выраженному глаголом в личной форме.

     I don’t remember having seen him before.

     He mentioned having read it in the paper. 

7.3 Примеры предложений с герундием 

1. Reading English technical magazines is important for an engineer.
2. It is no use speaking to her.
3. I remember attending his lectures on history.
4. He remembers having added some water to the mixture.
5. We were informed of new results being obtained at the laboratory.
6. I remember his having been interested in languages in his childhood.
7. I know of his having been sent to work to the Far East.
8. What is the reason for his having left our city so suddenly?
9. We heard of the experiment having been started last week.

10. Before being sent up the balloon was filled with a special gas.

11. What apparatus do we use for measuring air pressure?

12. Science requires experimenting. 

7.4 Список предложных словосочетаний с герундием 

be excited 

be worried      about doing it 

complain     

dream          about/ of doing it

talk 

think  

apologize 

blame (someone) 

forgive (someone) 

have an excuse  for doing it

have a reason 

be responsible 

thank (someone)  
 

be accustomed 

in addition 

be committed 

be devoted  to doing it

look forward 

object 

be opposed 

be used  

consist  

persist  

result  

spend 

be engaged  in doing it

believe 

be interested  

participate 

succeed  

be accused 

be capable 

for the purpose 

be guilty 

instead 

take advantage 

take care  

be tired 

approve of doing it

suspect 

to hear 

think 

be afraid 

be fond 

be proud  

count         

depend  on doing it

insist  
 

be disappointed  at doing it

be surprised   
 

7.5 Список глаголов, употребляемых с герундием 

1. admit  He admitted stealing the money.
2. advise*  She advised waiting until tomorrow.
3. anticipate  I anticipate having a good time on vacation.
4. appreciate  I appreciated hearing from them.
5. avoid  He avoided answering my question.
6. can’t bear* I can’t bear waiting in long lines.
7. begin*  It began raining.
8. complete  I finally completed writing my term paper.
9. consider  I will consider going with you.
10. continue*  He continued speaking.
11. delay  He delayed leaving for school.
12. deny  She denied committing the crime.
13. discuss  They discussed opening a new business.
14. dislike  I dislike driving long distances.
15. enjoy  We enjoyed visiting them.
16. finish  She finished studying about ten.
17. forget*  I’ll never forget visiting that place.
18. hate*  I  hate making silly mistakes.
19. can't help  I can’t help worrying about it.
20. keep  I keep hoping he will come.
21. like*  I like going to movies.
22. love*  I love going to operas.
23. mention  She mentioned going to a movie.
24. mind  Would you mind helping me with this?
25. miss  I miss being with my family.
26. postpone  Let’s postpone leaving until tomorrow.
27. practice  The athlete practiced throwing the ball.
28. prefer*  Ann prefers walking to driving to work.
29. quit  He quit trying to solve the problem.
30. recall  I don’t recall meeting him before.
31. recollect  I don’t recollect meeting him before.
32. recommend She recommended seeing the show.
33. regret*  I regret telling him my secret.
34. remember* I can remember meeting him when I was a child.
35. resent  I resent her interfering in my business.
36. resist  I couldn't resist eating the dessert.
37. risk  She risks losing all of her money.
38. can't stand* I can't stand waiting in long lines.
39. start*  It started raining.
40. stop  She stopped going to classes when she got sick.
41. suggest  She suggested going to a movie.
42. tolerate  She won’t tolerate cheating during an examination.
43. try*  I tried changing the light bulb, but the lamp still didn't work.
44. understand I don’t understand his leaving school.

* отмечены глаголы, после которых может употребляться как герундий, так и инфинитив. 

7.6 Список сочетаний go + герундий 
 

go birdwatching

go boating

go bowling

go camping

go canoeing

go dancing

go fishing

go hiking

go hunting

go jogging

go tobogganing

go running

go sailing

go shopping

go sightseeing

go skating

go skiing

go mountain climbing

go sledding

go swimming

go skateboarding

go window shopping 

7.7 Некоторые выражения,  употребляемые с  герундием 

have fun/a good time                                     

have trouble/difficulty                                        doing it

have a hard time/difficult time

spend/ waste (expression of time or money) 
 

 

8  ЛЕКЦИЯ 8 ИНФИНИТИВ (THE INFINITIVE) 

     8.1 Общие сведения 

     Инфинитив это неличная форма глагола,  которая  называет действие, не указывая числа и лица, и отвечает на вопросы что делать? что сделать? 

     Инфинитив имеет простую и сложные формы. Простая форма инфинитива является первой основной формой глагола, например

     to do, to be 

     Отрицательная форма инфинитива образуется при  помощи частицы not

     not to do, not to be 

     Как правило, инфинитив имеет формальный признак – частицу to, но в ряде случаев инфинитив употребляется без частицы to. 

     Без частицы to инфинитив употребляется:

1. после модальных глаголов can, could, may, might, must, should

     I must keep this secret. – Я должен держать это в секрете.

      Can you call me back in 5 or 10  minutes?

 

2.  после глагола let в значении “позволять”

      Let him speak.  

3.  после глаголов make и  have в значении “заставлять”. (Однако если глагол make употреблен в страдательном залоге (Passive), то следующий за ним инфинитив должен иметь при себе частицу to).

     What made you come so early?

     I like him because he makes me laugh.

     I'll have Hudson show you to your room.   

4.  в конструкциях had better, would rather, (would и had в этих конструкциях может быть сокращено до ‘d).

     You'd better leave it as it is.

     “I think you'd better ask her.” – “I'd rather not.” 

5. в кратких вопросах после Why...? Why not...?

     Why worry? You can't do anything about it.

     Why not go there together? 

6. после глаголов восприятия, таких как see, hear, feel, notice, observe в объектном инфинитивном обороте

      I saw him cross the street.  

8.2 Формы инфинитива и их употребление 

      Таблица 11 -  Формы инфинитива