Present perfect In british and american

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The aim of the research work is to analyze the reasons of the frequency of the use of Present Perfect and Past Simple verb forms on the example of American and British fiction and to identify this frequency.
Objectives are:
- to study the definition and characteristics of the category of tense of English verbs;
- to examine the peculiarities of Present Perfect and Past Simple;
- to compare the frequency of the use of Present Perfect Tense and the Past Simple Tense in American and British English and to identify the average ratio of Present Perfect to Past Indefinite.

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31) “As for the remainder of the family, both the youngest girl and boy were too small to really understand much of what it was all about or to care.” (Actions took place in the past, one by one, i.e., in chronological order. The Past Simple Tense.)

32) “It was not a good voice.” (It is single complete action. The Past Simple Tense.)

33) “They now enter into the narrow side street from which they have emerged …” (Action was completed in the past, but it has a connection with the present through the result of this action. The Present Perfect Tense.)

34) “They did not really understand music.” (It is single complete action. The Past Simple Tense.)

35) “Physically, she was of a pale, emasculate and unimportant structure, with no real mental force or depth, and was easily made to feel that this was an excellent field in which to distinguish herself and attract a little attention.” (Actions took place in the past, one by one, i.e., in chronological order. The Past Simple Tense.)

36) “Clyde, the eldest boy, and the two younger children merely gazed at the ground, or occasionally at their father, with a feeling that possibly it was all true and important, yet somehow not as significant or inviting as some of the other things which life held.” (Actions took place in the past, one by one, i.e., in chronological order. The Past Simple Tense.)

37) “For so often throughout his youth in different cities in which his parents have conducted a mission or spoken on the streets — Grand Rapids, Detroit, Milwaukee, Chicago, lastly Kansas City — it has been obvious that people look down upon him and his brothers and sisters for being the children of such parents.” (Action was completed in the past, but it has a connection with the present through the result of this action. The Present Perfect Tense.)

38) “They heard so much of this, and to their young and eager minds life was made for something more than street and mission hall protestations of this sort.” (Actions took place in the past, one by one, i.e., in chronological order. The Past Simple Tense.)

39) “Finally, after a second hymn and an address by Mrs. Griffiths, during which she took occasion to refer to the mission work jointly conducted by them in a near-by street, and their services to the cause of Christ in general…” (Actions took place in the past, one by one, i.e., in chronological order. The Past Simple Tense.)

40) “…Clyde did not wish to do this anymore…” (It is single complete action. The Past Simple Tense.)

41) “…he and his parents looked foolish and less than normal…” (It is single complete action. The Past Simple Tense.)

42) “But always, beaten or victorious, he has been conscious of the fact that the work his parents do is not satisfactory to others, — shabby, trivial.” (Action was completed in the past, but it has a connection with the present through the result of this action. The Present Perfect Tense.)

43) “He meditated now more determinedly than ever a rebellion by which he would rid himself of the need of going out in this way.” (Actions took place in the past, one by one, i.e., in chronological order. The Past Simple Tense.)

44) “Other boys did not have to do as he did.” (It is single complete action. The Past Simple Tense.)

45) “For Clyde’s parents have proved impractical in the matter of the future of their children.” (Action was completed in the past, but it has a connection with the present through the result of this action. The Present Perfect Tense.)

46) “They seemed a little more attentive than usual to-night, I thought…” (It is single complete action. The Past Simple Tense.)

47) “Twenty-seven took tracts to-night as against eighteen on Thursday”

48) “The small company entered the (It is single complete action. The Past Simple Tense.)yellow unprepossessing door and disappeared.” (Actions took place in the past, one by one, i.e., in chronological order. The Past Simple Tense.)

49) “Instead, being wrapped up in the notion of evangelizing the world, they have neglected to keep their children in school in any one place.”

50) “They have moved here and there, sometimes in the very midst of an advantageous school season, because of a larger and better religious field in which to work.” (Action was completed in the past, but it has a connection with the present through the result of this action. The Present Perfect Tense.)

51) “That such a family, thus cursorily presented, might have a different and somewhat peculiar history could well be anticipated, and it would be true.” (Actions took place in the past, one by one, i.e., in chronological order. The Past Simple Tense.)

52) “Indeed, this one presented one of those anomalies of psychic and social reflex and motivation such as would tax the skill of not only the psychologist but the chemist and physicist as well, to unravel.” (Actions took place in the past, one by one, i.e., in chronological order. The Past Simple Tense.)

53) “The history of this man and his wife … affected their boy of twelve, Clyde Griffiths.” (It is single complete action. The Past Simple Tense.)

54) “And the entire neighborhood in which it stands is very faintly and yet not agreeably redolent of a commercial life which has long since moved farther south, if not west.” (Action was completed in the past, but it has a connection with the present through the result of this action. The Present Perfect Tense.)

55) “This youth, aside from a certain emotionalism and exotic sense of romance which characterized him, and which he took more from his father than from his mother, brought a more vivid and intelligent imagination to things…” (Actions took place in the past, one by one, i.e., in chronological order. The Past Simple Tense.)

56) “The principal thing that troubled Clyde up to his fifteenth year, and for long after in retrospect, was that the calling or profession of his parents was the shabby thing …” (Actions took place in the past, one by one, i.e., in chronological order. The Past Simple Tense.)

57) “But having fallen in love with him, she has become inoculated with the virus of Evangelism and proselytizing, and has followed him gladly and enthusiastically in all of his ventures and through all of his vagaries.” (Action was completed in the past, but it has a connection with the present through the result of this action. The Present Perfect Tense.)

58) “And always he was thinking of what he would do, once he reached the place where he could get away.” (Actions took place in the past, one by one, i.e., in chronological order. The Past Simple Tense.)

59) “They did not understand the importance or the essential necessity for some form of practical or professional training for each and every one of their young ones.” (It is single complete action. The Past Simple Tense.)

60) “And there were times, when they were quite without sufficient food or decent clothes, and the children could not go to school.” (Actions took place in the past, one by one, i.e., in chronological order. The Past Simple Tense.)

61) “And it has been Clyde’s compulsory duty throughout the years when he cannot act for himself to be in attendance at these various meetings.” (Action was completed in the past, but it has a connection with the present through the result of this action. The Present Perfect Tense.)

62) “In the face of such situations as these,  Asa and his wife remained as optimistic as ever, or they insisted to themselves that they were, and had unwavering faith in the Lord and His intention to provide.” (Actions took place in the past, one by one, i.e., in chronological order. The Past Simple Tense.)

63) “It consisted in its entirety of one long store floor in an old and decidedly colorless and inartistic wooden building…” (It is single complete action. The Past Simple Tense.)

64) “It was some five blocks from the spot on which twice a week the open air meetings of these religious enthusiasts and proselytizers were held.” (Actions took place in the past, one by one, i.e., in chronological order. The Past Simple Tense.)

65) “And they are always testifying as to how God or Christ or Divine Grace has rescued them from this or that predicament — never how they have rescued anyone else.” (Action was completed in the past, but it has a connection with the present through the result of this action. The Present Perfect Tense.)

66) “And it was the ground floor of this building…” (It is single complete action. The Past Simple Tense.)

67) “These mighty adjurations were as silver and gold plates set in a wall of dross.” (It is single complete action. The Past Simple Tense.)

68) “a conference seemed important…” (It is single complete action. The Past Simple Tense.)

69) “And always his father and mother are saying “Amen” and “Glory to God,” and singing hymns and afterward taking up a collection for the legitimate expenses of the hall — collections which, as he surmises, are little enough — barely enough to keep the various missions they have conducted in existence.” (Action was completed in the past, but it has a connection with the present through the result of this action. The Present Perfect Tense.)

70) “His mother’s and father’s financial difficulties were greatest…” (It is single complete action. The Past Simple Tense.)

71) “And here at times they were to be found …” (It is single complete action. The Past Simple Tense.)

72) “And the whole neighborhood was so dreary and run-down that he hated the thought of living in it …” (Actions took place in the past, one by one, i.e., in chronological order. The Past Simple Tense.)

73) “In one way and another, from casual remarks dropped by his parents, Clyde has heard references to certain things this particular uncle might do for a person ...” (Action was completed in the past, but it has a connection with the present through the result of this action. The Present Perfect Tense.)

74) “As Clyde pictures this uncle, he must be a kind of Croesus, living in ease and luxury there in the east, while here in the west — Kansas City — he and his parents and his brother and sisters are living in the same wretched and hum-drum, hand-to-mouth state that has always characterized their lives.” (Action was completed in the past, but it has a connection with the present through the result of this action. The Present Perfect Tense.)

75) “Occasionally a small band of people followed the preachers to their mission, or learning of its existence through their street work, appeared there later — those odd and mentally disturbed or distrait souls…” (Actions took place in the past, one by one, i.e., in chronological order. The Past Simple Tense.)

76) “The one thing that really interested him in connection with his parents was the existence somewhere in the east — in a small city called Lycurgus, near Utica he understood — of an uncle, a brother of his father’s, who was plainly different from all this.” (Actions took place in the past, one by one, i.e., in chronological order. The Past Simple Tense.)

77) “That uncle — Samuel Griffiths by name — was rich.” (It is single complete action. The Past Simple Tense.)

78) “News of all this had apparently been brought west in some way by people who knew Asa and his father and brother.” (It is single complete action. The Past Simple Tense.)

79) “He is one of those interesting individuals who looks upon himself as a thing apart — never quite wholly and indissolubly merges with the family of which he is a member, and never with any profound obligations to those who has been responsible for his coming into the world.” (Action was completed in the past, but it has a connection with the present through the result of this action. The Present Perfect Tense.)

80) “For at fifteen, and even a little earlier, Clyde began to understand that his education, as well as his sisters’ and brother’s, had been sadly neglected.” (It is single complete action. The Past Simple Tense.)

81) “And it would be rather hard for him to overcome this handicap…” (It is single complete action. The Past Simple Tense.)

82) “Incidentally by that time the sex lure or appeal have begun to manifest itself and he is already intensely interested and troubled by the beauty of the opposite sex, its attractions for him and his attraction for it” (Action was completed in the past, but it has a connection with the present through the result of this action. The Present Perfect Tense.)

83) “And, naturally and coincidentally, the matter of his clothes and his physical appearance has begun to trouble him not a little — how he looks and how other boys look” (Action was completed in the past, but it has a connection with the present through the result of this action. The Present Perfect Tense.)

84) “How was one to get a start under such circumstances?” (It is single complete action. The Past Simple Tense.)

85) “Already when, at the age of thirteen, fourteen and fifteen, he began looking in the papers, he found that mostly skilled help was wanted, or boys to learn trades in which at the moment he was not very much interested.” (Actions took place in the past, one by one, i.e., in chronological order. The Past Simple Tense.)

86) “…he felt himself above the type of labor which was purely manual.” (Actions took place in the past, one by one, i.e., in chronological order. The Past Simple Tense.)

87) “And yet the fact that his family is the unhappy thing, that he has never had any real friends, and cannot have any, as he sees it, because of the work and connection of his parents, is now tending more and more to induce a kind of mental depression or melancholia…” (Action was completed in the past, but it has a connection with the present through the result of this action. The Present Perfect Tense.)

88) “…boys no better than himself were clerks and druggists’ assistants and bookkeepers and assistants in banks and real estate offices.” (It is single complete action. The Past Simple Tense.)

89) “Wasn’t it menial, as miserable as the life he had thus far been leading …?” (Actions took place in the past, one by one, i.e., in chronological order. The Past Simple Tense.)

90) “Like the large majority of those who profess and daily repeat the dogmas and creeds of the world, she has come into her practices and imagined attitude so insensibly from her earliest childhood on, that up to this time…” (Action was completed in the past, but it has a connection with the present through the result of this action. The Present Perfect Tense.)

91) “It was painful to him now to think that his clothes were not right …” (Actions took place in the past, one by one, i.e., in chronological order. The Past Simple Tense.)

92) “…and by degrees, these serve to break down that wall of reserve which her home training has served to erect.” (Action was completed in the past, but it has a connection with the present through the result of this action. The Present Perfect Tense.)

93) “They demolish that excessive shyness which has been hers, and which has served to put others aside for a time at least.” (Action was completed in the past, but it has a connection with the present through the result of this action. The Present Perfect Tense.)

94) “What a wretched thing it was to be born poor and not to have any one to do anything for you and not to be able to do so very much for yourself!” (It is single complete action. The Past Simple Tense.)

95) “Casual examination of himself in mirrors whenever he found them tended rather to assure him that he was not so bad-looking — a straight, well-cut nose, high white forehead, wavy, glossy, black hair, eyes that were black and rather melancholy at times.” (Actions took place in the past, one by one, i.e., in chronological order. The Past Simple Tense.)

96) “Delay is so vain when two such as they have met.” (Action was completed in the past, but it has a connection with the present through the result of this action. The Present Perfect Tense.)

97) “It served to make him rebellious and hence lethargic at times.” (It is single complete action. The Past Simple Tense.)

98) “…he was inclined to misinterpret the interested looks which were cast at him occasionally by young girls in very different walks of life from him.” (It is single complete action. The Past Simple Tense.)

99) “She is to have new and better clothes than she has ever known, delicious adventures, love.” (Action was completed in the past, but it has a connection with the present through the result of this action. The Present Perfect Tense.)

100) “Some parents of boys of his years actually gave them cars of their own to ride in.” (It is single complete action. The Past Simple Tense.)

101) “They were to be seen upon the principal streets of Kansas City flitting to and fro like flies.” (It is single complete action. The Past Simple Tense.)

102) “And yet the world was so full of so many things to do — so many people were so happy and so successful.” (Actions took place in the past, one by one, i.e., in chronological order. The Past Simple Tense.)

103) “Coming home rather late on Saturday night in April from a walk which he has taken about the business heart, in order to escape the regular Saturday night mission services...” (Action was completed in the past, but it has a connection with the present through the result of this action. The Present Perfect Tense.)

104) “What was he to do?” (It is single complete action. The Past Simple Tense.)

105) “She has played and sung as usual at this meeting.” (Action was completed in the past, but it has a connection with the present through the result of this action. The Present Perfect Tense.)

106) “And all has seemed all right with her.” (Action was completed in the past, but it has a connection with the present through the result of this action. The Present Perfect Tense.)

107) “He could not say.” (It is single complete action. The Past Simple Tense.)

108) “He did not know exactly.” (It is single complete action. The Past Simple Tense.)

109) “One of the things that served to darken Clyde’s mood was the fact that his sister Esta, in whom he took no little interest (although they really had very little in common), ran away from home with an actor who happened to be playing in Kansas City and who took a passing fancy for her.” (Actions took place in the past, one by one, i.e., in chronological order. The Past Simple Tense.)

110) “But by eleven o’clock her mother has chanced to look into her room and discovered that she is not there nor anywhere about the place.”

111) “The truth in regard to Esta was that she was just a sensuous, weak girl who did not by any means know yet what she thought.” (Actions took place in the past, one by one, i.e., in chronological order. The Past Simple Tense.)

112) “Despite the atmosphere in which she moved, essentially she was not of it.” (Actions took place in the past, one by one, i.e., in chronological order. The Past Simple Tense.)

113) “A certain bareness in connection with the room — some trinkets and dresses removed, an old and familiar suitcase gone — has first attracted her mother’s attention.” (Action was completed in the past, but it has a connection with the present through the result of this action. The Present Perfect Tense.)

114) “… character did not arise to clash with these.” (It is single complete action. The Past Simple Tense.)

115) “Then the house search proving that she is not there, Asa has gone outside to look up and down the street.” (Action was completed in the past, but it has a connection with the present through the result of this action. The Present Perfect Tense.)

116) “This search revealing nothing, Clyde and he have walked to a corner, then along Missouri Avenue.” (Action was completed in the past, but it has a connection with the present through the result of this action. The Present Perfect Tense.)

117) “She was safe enough.” (It is single complete action. The Past Simple Tense.)

118) “Once they did, however, it was a foregone conclusion that her religious notions, not being grounded on any conviction or temperamental bias of her own, were not likely to withstand the shock.” (Actions took place in the past, one by one, i.e., in chronological order. The Past Simple Tense.)

119) “…when Clyde, going into her room, saw a note pinned to the pillow of her small wooden bed — a missive that has escaped the eye of his mother.”

120) “Within her was a chemism of dreams which somehow counteracted all they had to say.” (Actions took place in the past, one by one, i.e., in chronological order. The Past Simple Tense.)

121) “…he has often wondered in what way, assuming that he ever wishes to depart surreptitiously…” (Action was completed in the past, but it has a connection with the present through the result of this action. The Present Perfect Tense.)

122) “Yet she had neither Clyde’s force, nor, on the other hand, his resistance.” (It is single complete action. The Past Simple Tense.)

123) “She was in the main a drifter, with a vague yearning toward pretty dresses, hats, shoes, ribbons and the like…” (It is single complete action. The Past Simple Tense.)

124) “Clyde, who has followed, sees him take it a little nervously in his pudgy hands, his lips, always weak and beginning to crinkle at the center with age, now working curiously.” (Action was completed in the past, but it has a connection with the present through the result of this action. The Present Perfect Tense.)

125) “There were the long bright streets of a morning and afternoon after school or of an evening.” (It is single complete action. The Past Simple Tense.)

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